Is Biden's student debt forgiveness fair?

US President Joe Biden wants to cancel billions of dollars of federal student loans.

In August 2022, Mr Biden announced a plan to cancel up to $10,000 (£8,500) in federal student loans - used to fund higher education costs such as tuition and housing - for each of millions of Americans who earn less than $125,000 each year.

Mr Biden would also forgive $20,000 of debt for students on Pell Grants, which applies to those in greatest financial need.

The news was announced after increasing pressure from many progressives to make good on his election promise to forgive federal student debt.

But the student loan plan, which will cost an estimated $300bn over 10 years, is not without critics on both sides of the aisle. They say it does not get help to those who need it most.

Higher education has long been viewed as a path towards lucrative earnings, but the ballooning cost of tuition and rise in student debt has left some wondering if it's worth the cost.

The total federal student debt has more than tripled over the past 15 years, rising from about $500bn in 2007 to $1.6tn today.

Meanwhile, wages have stagnated and tuition has increased, which means it's harder for young people to pay it off.

Marshall Steinbum, who teaches economics at the University of Utah and studies student borrowing, said this debt mountain is proof that the current business model for education is broken.

"[The] mantra is 'a college degree pays off, because it causes you to have higher earnings in the labour market,'" he said. "If that were true, we shouldn't have such a student debt problem."

About 43 million Americans owe money on their student loans. That means that about one in six American adults, or about a third of Americans with at least some post-secondary education, has some student debt.

The median student loan debt is just over $17,000, according to the Federal Reserve. About 17% owe less than $10,000 in federal student loans, while on the other extreme, 7% owe more than $100,000.

While that may not seem like an insurmountable debt load, the majority of the debt is concentrated among relatively few people. Over half the total debt load is held by just 16% of debtors, with debts over $60,000.

For these big borrowers, $10,000 may seem just a drop in the bucket.

Student debt is currently the second-largest type of household debt, after mortgage loans, accounting for about 10% of total household debt. On average, people spend about $222 every month on student loan payments, according to the Federal Reserve.

The problem with debt, in the big picture, is that it reduces the amount of money that people can spend on goods and services, which in turn, reduces the country's overall economy. The other problem with debt is that it can ruin a person's credit score, which means their future ability to borrow and spend money might be hampered as well.

Before the pandemic, approximately 3% of federal student loan holders were behind in their payments. Loan repayments have been paused since spring 2020, and as part of his debt relief plan, Mr Biden said he will extend this moratorium until the end of the year.

Perhaps one of the most significant parts of Mr Biden's plan is his intention to cap undergraduate loan repayment at 5% of a person's discretionary income. The White House estimated that this will cut many loan payments in half.

Mr Steinbum said this is essentially another form of loan forgiveness, since under the new plan, interest payments that exceed this repayment cap won't be added to their future debt load. This will especially cover people who hold large amounts of debt.

While student debt forgiveness is likely to make a big impact on people's monthly budgets, and increase spending, it could have knock-on effects on inflation when it is already at an all-time high by giving people more buying power, and thus allowing prices to rise even more.

Most economists say the effects would be modest, since debt relief would increase people's monthly incomes by only a few hundred dollars on average.

But former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers warned that debt relief, in addition to possibly raising inflation, could also make it easier for schools to raise tuition.

"Student loan debt relief is spending that raises demand and increases inflation. It consumes resources that could be better used helping those who did not, for whatever reason, have the chance to attend college," he tweeted. "It will also tend to be inflationary by raising tuitions."

Analysing student debt and inequality is complicated, but it's clear that debt is not shared equally across different socio-economic groups.

Four years after earning a bachelor's degree, black graduates have nearly $25,000 more student loan debt than their white peers, according to a Brookings Institution study.

That is partly due to the fact that they borrow more, on average, than white students, but also because black graduates with a bachelor's degree or higher earn an average of about $5,000 less than white graduates, according to the National Centre for Education Statistics.

In a statement issued before the president's announcement, Wisdom Cole, the college and youth director for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, said that $10,000 debt forgiveness was "not enough".

"At this point, just cancel it. $50,000 is the bare minimum," he said.

Other critics have attacked Mr Biden's plan, saying it gives money to "elites". People who do not have a post-secondary education - and thus do not hold student debt - are likely to come from a poorer family than their debt-ridden counterparts.

Statistically, people who earn higher incomes tend to take on more student debt.

The University of Pennsylvania estimated that under Biden's plan, between 69-73% of the debt forgiven would come from households in the top 60% of the income distribution.

But Marshall Steinbum, who teaches economics at the University of Utah and studies student debt, said that those arguments fail to understand the dramatic shift in education, debt and income over the past few decades.

"It's harder and harder to get a job with fewer educational credentials," he said.

"That idea that student debtors are privileged, and people who don't have student debt are underprivileged… is just not factual."

Working-class people who, in older generations, used to forgo higher education now have to pay to get certifications in order to get a job, he said. This means that education isn't a luxury, but a necessity, for most people.

Almost two-thirds of American high school graduates go on to post-secondary study.

Mr Steinbum, who supports student loan forgiveness, said he's overall ambivalent about Mr Biden's plan, because it fails to address the root cause of the problem, which is high tuition that is primarily shouldered by individuals.

Instead of the government funding for schools, students are asked to pick up the majority of the tab for their education. Then when they can't pay, the government has to step in and forgive their loans.

"We just keep kicking the can down the road, and the problem keeps getting worse and worse and worse," he said.