Ben Ferencz: Last surviving Nuremberg prosecutor dies, aged 103

The last surviving prosecutor from the post-World War Two Nuremberg trials has died aged 103.

Ben Ferencz was just 27 when he secured the convictions of Nazi officers for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

He later advocated for the establishment of an international court to prosecute war crimes, a goal realised in 2002.

Ferencz died peacefully in his sleep on Friday evening at an assisted living facility in Boynton Beach, Florida.

Confirming his death, the US Holocaust Museum said the world had lost "a leader in the quest for justice for victims of genocide".

Speaking to the BBC, his son, Donald Ferencz, who also works in international law, said he would remember his father as someone who dedicated his life to "trying to make it a more humane world under the rule of law".

"He'd seen and experienced things which were so horrific that they fuelled the passion which took him not only through the court at Nuremberg but fuelled really the rest of his life", he told the Newshour programme.

He described his father as a "funny" and "mischievous" person, but one who worked "every day of his life".

"This is not a guy who went fishing or played golf," he said. "This is a guy whose life mission was to try to make it a better world."

Ferencz was born in Transylvania - part of Romania - in 1920, but his family emigrated to the US when he was young to escape antisemitism, later settling in New York.

After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1943, he enlisted in the US Army and took part in the Allied landings at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge. He rose to the rank of Sergeant and ultimately joined a team tasked with investigating and gathering evidence of Nazi war crimes.

The team was based with the army in Germany and would enter concentration camps as they were liberated, taking notes on conditions in each and interviewing survivors.

In a later account of his life, Ferencz spoke of finding bodies "piled up like cordwood" and "helpless skeletons with diarrhoea, dysentery, typhus, TB, pneumonia, and other ailments, retching in their louse ridden bunks or on the ground with only their pathetic eyes pleading for help".

He described Buchenwald - one of the largest camps inside Germany - as a "charnel house of indescribable horrors".

"There is no doubt that I was indelibly traumatised by my experiences as a war crimes investigator of Nazi extermination centres," he wrote. "I still try not to talk or think about the details."

After the war, Ferencz returned to New York to practice law, but shortly afterwards was recruited to help prosecute Nazis at the Nuremberg trials, despite having no prior trial experience.

He was made chief prosecutor at the trial of members of the Einsatzgruppen, mobile SS death squads that operated within Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe and are estimated to have murdered more than a million people.

Of 22 men who stood trial, all were found guilty on at least one charge, with 14 sentenced to death and four ultimately executed.

After the trials ended, Ferencz - who was fluent in six languages, including German - remained in West Germany and helped Jewish groups obtain a reparations settlement from the new government.

In his later years, he became a professor of international law and campaigned for an international court that could prosecute the leaders of governments found to have committed war crimes, writing several books on the subject.

In 2002, the International Criminal Court was set up in The Hague, Netherlands, although its effectiveness has been limited by the refusal of several major countries, including the US, to take part.

Ferencz is survived by a son and three daughters. His wife - childhood sweetheart Gertrude Fried - died in 2019.