Hurricane Idalia: What is a storm surge and why is it deadly?

As Hurricane Idalia batters the state of Florida, residents are fleeing the dangerous storm surges it has brought.

The "life-threatening" coastal flood could bring ocean water up to 16 feet (5m) above ground level, officials have said.

Early Wednesday morning, just before Idalia made landfall, some Florida towns were already reporting surges of up to six feet.

More than 1.5 million people across 28 counties have been asked to evacuate because of the potential catastrophic impacts from the surge.

In general, storm surges account for about half of deaths associated with tropical storms in the US, according to the National Weather Service.

Those closest to the coast are most at risk, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis said on Wednesday.

"There's going to be a legitimate surge. It's going to be a big, big deal, and it's going to be very, very dangerous," he said.

A storm surge is a change in sea level caused by a storm. Large waves can be generated by the strong winds, pushing high levels of water inland.

It could lead to extensive flooding, with waves so strong they can erode beaches and highways and take out buildings. It could also cause lakes and rivers inland to flood.

"The water has a lot of mass, and when it moves it generates a lot of force on structures," said Steven Morey, a professor at the Florida A&M School of the Environment.

"You get a lot of forces pushing on structures and they are just not built to withstand it, they could knock them down or knock people down," Prof Morey told the BBC.

Nearly all of Florida's western coast could see a rising tide through Wednesday, the NWS said, though some areas will be harder hit than others.

The tide will be highest between the Ochlockonee River, southwest of Tallahassee, and the Chassahowitzka River, about 66 miles (106 km) north of Tampa.

Water levels in the Steinhatchee River in Big Bend, Florida - where Idalia touched down - surged from 1 foot to 8 feet in just an hour on Wednesday morning, according to the National Weather Service.

Prof Morey said he is particularly concerned about small communities that have not seen a major hurricane since 1935.

This includes the town of Steinhatchee, home to around 500 people, and the city of Cedar Key, home to nearly 700 people.

"None of the structures (in those towns) have gone through what they are going to go through," Prof Morey said.

Prof Morey added it is important that people heed the evacuation orders and leave, and that there are not structures safe enough to withstand the waves in those areas.

In Hudson, a small city on Florida's Gulf coast, officials are using large-wheeled lorries to rescue residents from what was meant to be a mandatory evacuation zone.

Parts of Tampa - the third most populous city in Florida at nearly 400,000 residents - are also under storm surge warnings, but with slightly milder impacts as water is projected to rise up to 7ft in the region.

Still, water that high could pose a threat to Tampa's low-lying areas. But Prof Morey said Tampa is more familiar with storm surges and its structures are more well-built than other areas at risk.

Hurricane Idalia coincides with a super moon - meaning a full moon that is in close proximity to earth.

Full moons and new moons are known to have an impact on tide levels due to the gravitational pull that occurs when the sun, moon and earth are in alignment.

This causes extra-high high tides, and very low low-tides - both commonly known as spring tides.

Prof Morey said there is no doubt that the super moon's influence will be felt on the predicted storm surge in Florida.

"This area where the storm is projected to hit has the largest tidal range in the entire Gulf of Mexico," he said, adding the difference between high tide and low tide is 3ft to 4ft.

"When you're talking about a 12-foot storm surge, the difference can be significant."

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