Emergencies Act: US was 'worried' over Canada Freedom Convoy protests

An inquiry into the first-ever use of government emergency powers to bring an end to the "Freedom Convoy" protest that gridlocked Canada's national capital last winter completes its public work this week, with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expected as its final witness.

The Public Order Emergency Commission is examining whether the Trudeau government was justified in invoking the Emergencies Act to bring an end to the anti-vaccine mandate and anti-government protests that gridlocked the country's national capital and blocked vital border crossings, costing the economy millions of dollars a day.

Over six weeks, the inquiry has offered a rare glimpse behind the curtain into how Canadian officials handled the unprecedented protests that drew the global attention - and revealed plenty of frustration, "intemperate" text messages, and finger-pointing as they sought to bring an end to the blockades.

A final report on the inquiry's findings will be released early next year.

In the lead-up to Mr Trudeau's testimony, the inquiry, headed by Justice Paul Rouleau, is hearing from a series of federal ministers, including Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland, who expressed concern that the protests were harming Canada's reputation and its trade relationship with the US.

The Ottawa protest lasted three weeks, from late January to mid-February, but shorter-lived protests cropped up at two key border crossings, near Coutts, Alberta, and at the Ambassador Bridge, a vital trade route between the US and Canada.

Mr Trudeau has said that invoking the Act on 14 February - which allowed the government to temporarily impose bans on public assembly in some areas, prohibit travel to protest zones, and give authorities the ability to freeze bank accounts - was a necessary "last resort".

Civil liberty groups and the convoy organisers have argued the use of the Act was an overreach.

Police cleared the protests at the border crossings before the emergency order was implemented. But the border blockades - especially at the Ambassador Bridge crossing, used by North America automakers - got the White House's attention.

Ms Freeland spoke with Brian Deese, a senior economic advisor for President Joe Biden, who she said told her the US was "very, very, very worried".

Americans saw an "amber light flashing in Canada - and this amber light said to them, you know what, the Canadian supply chain could be a vulnerability", she said on Thursday.

Canadian bank CEOs were also worried, telling Ms Freeland during a 13 February call that investors were looking at Canada as a "joke".

One banker, whose name was not revealed in the call readout released at the inquiry, said a US investor told him: "I won't invest another red cent in your banana republic in Canada."

Ms Freeland told the banker to remind investors that other countries had recent political upheavals, including the 6 January Capital riots in the US.

"If they are a Brit, remind them of Brexit. If they are French, remind them of the Yellow Vests. If they are German, look at how badly they are handling Russia right now," she said.

Earlier this week, Emergency Preparedness Minister Bill Blair testified that his colleagues were reluctant to use the emergency powers but that an "escalation" of protests - including further "threatened" blockades at the border - convinced him otherwise.

He said the blocking of critical infrastructure raised it to "an actual emergency".

"You don't have to blow everything up to render it unusable," he said.

Two provinces - Saskatchewan and Alberta - said they were caught unawares by the invocation of the Act, and one Alberta official felt Ottawa failed to offer timely help.

In February, Alberta had asked about the possibility of military help to remove vehicles at Coutts, but a text message from provincial Municipal Affairs Minister Ric McIver to Mr Blair - "Any update?" - to follow up on the request went unanswered for 11 days. By then, police had ended the blockade.

Convoy protesters at the inquiry painted a very different picture of those three weeks in Ottawa compared to city residents who testified about being harassed by convoy participants, feeling like hostages within their own homes, and of diesel fumes and deafening noise.

Protesters, in comparison, described a "festive" gathering where people - even families - could come together to make themselves heard by the government after two years of Covid restrictions.

Still, there were tensions. Convoy organisers described infighting among various factions.

One organiser, Chris Barber, told the inquiry there was conflict over the role of Pat King, an activist known to have shared extreme views. Both men face criminal charges related to the protests.

Text exchanges showed some convoy leaders were wary of Mr King's history of inflammatory comments, including ones threatening Mr Trudeau, but they saw benefit in his large online following.

Mr Barber said it was "evident" there was tension between himself and Mr King.

"It was a power struggle back and forth over control," Mr Barber said.

There were also concerns over an anti-vaccine mandate "memorandum" shared by another group within the convoy that proposed overthrowing the government.

One of the lawyers representing the protesters also suggested convoy leaders received regular leaks from law enforcement "sympathetic" to their cause.

The convoy raised C$24m ($18m; £15m) from supporters, primarily in Canada and the US, the inquiry heard. Some funds were returned to donors while some remain frozen because of litigation by Ottawa residents.

At the heart of the inquiry is whether the high legal bar to invoke the Act - specifically an "urgent and critical situation" that "seriously endangers the lives, health or safety of Canadians" - was met.

Among other measures, invoking the Act allowed the government to bring in tow trucks to remove the big rigs blocking Ottawa's city centre and to freeze an estimated 280 bank accounts linked to protesters.

A document from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) warned that using it could "further the radicalisation of some towards violence" and "galvanise anti-government sentiment".

The intelligence service also had doubts that the protests met the defined national security threat threshold - but ultimately, CSIS director David Vigneault testified he recommended its use.

Mr Vigneault said a combination of factors - the unpredictability of the event, its variable size and scope, the strain on police resources and the fact that "there were ideologically motivated violent individuals who were interested" in the protests - led him "to believe that the regular tools were just not enough to address the situation".

Tensions between various levels of government and different police forces came up frequently over the past six weeks.

According to a summary of an 8 February phone call between Mr Trudeau and Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson, the prime minister accused Ontario Premier Doug Ford of "hiding from his responsibility on it for political reasons".

Mr Watson then complained that Mr Ford had been skipping meetings of federal and municipal officials.

Mr Ford expressed his own frustrations to Mr Trudeau in a phone call the next day, accusing Ottawa's police and mayor of having "totally mismanaged" the situation.

Protesters at the time were blocking the Ambassador Bridge, halting trade between Detroit and Windsor.

Mr Ford told Mr Trudeau he couldn't direct the provincial police to act, but vowed the force would have a plan in place.

"I'll be up their ass with a wire brush," he told the prime minister.

The premier of Canada's most populous province has publicly supported the Trudeau government's decision to invoke the emergency powers, but refused to testify at the inquiry.