Carbon credits - land grab or the Amazon’s future?

This week, delegates arriving in Belém's international airport are being welcomed with a lively "Boi de mascara" folkloric dance routine. In fact, the whole city is celebrating being in the spotlight, playing host to the Amazon Summit.

It also feels like a bit of a warm-up for 2025 when the city will host COP30. These two events are a big deal for this part of Brazil - a region that often feels forgotten. Belém is well placed too, as the capital of Pará, the state with the highest deforestation rate in Brazil.

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called this summit to bring together the eight South American countries who share a slice of the Amazon.

As it opened, he asked those nations to resume cooperation and agree on common policies to tackle deforestation and illegal mining.

Meanwhile Colombian president Gustavo Petro called for the creation of an international court to punish environmental crimes committed in the Amazon. He also defended a total ban on oil exploration in the region - a proposal backed by indigenous leaders.

It is the first time in years that there has been a meeting like this, ensuring a regional response to combat crime and deforestation as well as climate change.

"I think the world needs to look at this meeting in Belém as a milestone," President Lula told the BBC last week.

"I've participated in several meetings and many times they talk, talk, talk, approve a document and nothing happens. This meeting is the first great opportunity for people to show the world what we want to do."

President Lula has promised to reverse rising deforestation seen under his predecessor, Jair Bolsonaro. In July this year, deforestation fell 66% compared with the same month in 2022, and Lula says he is committed to zero deforestation by 2030.

"You have no idea how much pressure there was in our community from the Bolsonaro government," says Robson Gonçalves Machado, a resident of a community by the Acangatá river. "Landowners circling in planes, soya farmers wanting to buy the land to deforest it."

Robson lives on the banks of one of hundreds of waterways that wind their way through Ilha do Marajó.

Marajó is the world's largest river island and sits on the northern coast of Brazil near Belém - the easternmost part of the Amazon.

The only way to get to Robson's community is by boat - 13 hours overnight from Belém. It may feel isolated, but he is definitely aware of the demand there is for their land from outsiders.

While Pará is well known as the epicentre of Brazil's deforestation, more recently it has also become an appealing prospect for another burgeoning forest industry - carbon credits.

The way it works is this: an organisation that pollutes can buy a credit which is worth one tonne of carbon dioxide.

The money paid by the organisation is meant to go towards carbon-lowering schemes, so for every tonne of CO2 emitted, the credit represents a tonne of CO2 that was captured.

Those credits are bought and sold and their prices are determined like any other market. With the World Bank estimating the carbon credit market in the forest is worth $210bn (£165bn) a year, there is huge potential.

While the summit is a diplomatic event, the run-up to the meeting included several days of discussions on issues including the carbon market.

Robson's community of Acangatá recently signed a statement of intent with one of the carbon credit companies working in the area.

It has not kicked off in earnest, but the community has agreed to undertake courses that include sustainable forestry management, chicken rearing and biogas projects.

"At the beginning there were lots of doubts," says Robson. "In the municipality there was a huge land grab worth millions of reais [Brazilian currency] of carbon that was sold and that didn't get passed down to the community."

Carbon credit companies operating in Ilha do Marajó have been accused of harassing people into contracts, pressuring people to be a part of their projects, without actually giving them much detail about the investment they will receive in return.

Pará's public prosecutor has since got involved to halt projects that have caused concern. The market still remains unregulated although President Lula has promised to address this.

Teacher Bianca Teles and her family make their living from cassava flour in a community which is a two-hours' boat ride from Robson's. The $200 (£157) they earn a week is not enough.

When a carbon credit company offered to help build a school and health centre, even that was not enough to convince her.

"It's not that transparent," she said. "We can't see how it would give us a secure life. We're always on the back foot, fearing the consequences. Because of these stories we heard, we decided not to sign a contract."

Many of the problems arise because the state is so absent in the Amazon - public services are weak, people feel abandoned. And that is when companies often come in to fill that gap - for good and bad.

"When the state isn't there, it creates a no man's land where anything can happen," says prosecutor Eliane Moreira.

On the other side of Ilha do Marajó, Hernandez Pantoja proudly shows off his açai and cacao plantation. The machinery and training were provided for by Carbonext, a Brazilian carbon credit company that has received investment funding from Shell. The community will also get a share of the credits.

"Just last year we chucked out five illegal sawmills from our land," Mr Pantoja says.

The community knows that defending their territory from illegal logging is a challenge on their own. But partnering with a company with the funds behind it, and a plan to ensure sustainable forestry, is the only way forward, he argues.

"We want support to look after our forest - we don't want to cut down trees anymore."

For Carbonext, empowering the communities to look after their land is important. So, too, is empowering the region as a whole.

"When the global north comes to the global south and says, 'I have the solution,' we're like, 'Really? Have you been to the Amazon?'" says CEO Janaína Dallan.

"How can you solve that problem if you've never been there? You don't have your boots on the ground. So it's very easy to say, 'I have the solution.'"

People on the ground in the Amazon - and those at the summit this week - are determined to make South America's voice heard when it comes to climate change.