Northern Ireland floods: What can we do to prevent more devastation?

"An exceptional natural event" is how Stormont's Department for Infrastructure described flooding in Downpatrick this week.

Also badly affected were Newry, Kilkeel, Portadown and Templepatrick, with many roads closed and waterlogged fields a common sight.

As the clean-up begins, we ask: is flooding becoming more common in Northern Ireland and what can we do about it?

According to the Department for Infrastructure, 45,000 properties in Northern Ireland are at risk of flooding from rivers, sea or surface water.

Flood Maps NI has a historical flooding overlay. There is also a climate change overlay, based on the best available predictions. All of that data feeds into planning and preparation for floods.

Flood waters recede but recovery takes longer - cleaning houses, redecorating, claiming on insurance if you're lucky enough to have it and even trying to find somewhere else to live or operate a business.

Northern Ireland's Flood Risk Management Plan talks about resistance and resilience.

Resistance covers actions like installing floodgates. Resilience is "bounce-back-ability" - how easy your property is to clean and dry out.

Neither of these is cheap and and when water is creeping in they will not be at the forefront of your mind.

But resistance and resilience apply for councils and government departments too - they can supply sandbag banks in high-risk areas and organise their distribution in an emergency.

They can provide information when flooding is expected and help when it happens.

It's also about predicting where is at risk and what's needed if the worst happens.

When you have more than two centuries of weather records, changes become much clearer.

At Armagh Observatory, October 2023 has provided food for thought.

According to the observatory's measurements, last month was the wettest month ever - breaking a record that had stood since 1870.

Met Office records for Northern Ireland put last month fifth on the all-time list for the wettest Octobers.

It's hard to say for definite but warmer air holds more moisture so a warmer atmosphere will produce more rain - to quote observatory director Prof Michael Burton: "That's physics."

The atmosphere is warming, causing more rain, but human changes may also affect how likely flooding is.

Perhaps property has been built on a floodplain. A river's course may have been altered, affecting where and how quickly the water flows.

Northern Ireland is one of the least wooded parts of Europe, says the Woodland Trust - trees are nature's way of creating flood barriers and reducing soil erosion.

People may point to farming and its impact on our environment.

Yes, agriculture is the largest producer of greenhouse gases in Northern Ireland but farmers are also affected by extreme weather.

If fields are flooded, that can hamper productivity and slow down planting or ploughing and tilling.

The new Farm Support and Development programme includes emissions reduction, farming with nature, carbon benchmarking and increasing sustainability.

Explained: The support available if your business floods

In pictures: Floods cause havoc across Northern Ireland

Watch: Rowing to the rescue of those trapped by floods

It's difficult to point to one single event and say: 'That's climate change' - it's a cumulative effect.

Data from the Armagh Observatory and weather stations all over Ireland has been analysed by researchers at the Icarus Climate Research Centre in Maynooth University.

It found clear signals of climate change - an increase in both rainfall and rainfall intensity, and an average temperature rise in Ireland of 0.88C for every degree of warming on a global scale.

Prof Conor Murphy said that in some areas temperatures were increasing at an even higher rate.

In some places, winter rainfall intensity increased by as much as 20% and that, he said, meant an increased risk of flooding.

Look at Newry - it has flood walls dating back to the 19th Century but the floodwater breached those this week.

The Department of Infrastructure said it spent £22.7m on flood risk management projects in 2022-23.

It said annual investment "of at least £30m" would provide a long-term solution, with £8m required for maintenance of existing flood management infrastructure.

Just £3m was spent on that maintenance in each of the past two years.

But that level of funding is not available in the 2023-24 budget "when balanced against the need to deliver other essential public services", so funding will therefore be directed where it has "the most impact".

These are big-picture issues that can appear beyond our control - it probably felt that way for everyone affected by flooding this week.

But modern climate change did not happen all at once - it happened one piece of coal, one felled tree, one uninformed choice at a time.

Tackling it will also be a choice for all of us - how we travel, what waste we produce, how we use energy, plant trees, protect peatlands and use our consumer power to make a change.