Driverless cars: Who should die in a crash?

If forced to choose, who should a self-driving car kill in an unavoidable crash?

Should the passengers in the vehicle be sacrificed to save pedestrians? Or should a pedestrian be killed to save a family of four in the vehicle?

To get closer to an answer - if that were ever possible - researchers from the MIT Media Lab have analysed more than 40 million responses to an experiment they launched in 2014.

Their Moral Machine has revealed how attitudes differ across the world.

Weighing up whom a self-driving car should kill is a modern twist on an old ethical dilemma known as the trolley problem.

The idea was explored in an episode of the NBC series The Good Place, in which ethics professor Chidi is put in control of a runaway tram.

If he takes no action, the tram will run over five engineers working on the tracks ahead.

If he diverts the tram on to a different track he will save the five engineers, but the tram will hit one other engineer who would otherwise have survived.

The Moral Machine presented several variations of this dilemma involving a self-driving car.

People were presented with several scenarios. Should a self-driving car sacrifice its passengers or swerve to hit:

Four years after launching the experiment, the researchers have published an analysis of the data in Nature magazine.

The results from 40 million decisions suggested people preferred to save humans rather than animals, spare as many lives as possible, and tended to save young over elderly people.

There were also smaller trends of saving females over males, saving those of higher status over poorer people, and saving pedestrians rather than passengers.

About 490,000 people also completed a demographic survey including their age, gender and religious views. The researchers said these qualities did not have a "sizeable impact" on the decisions people made.

The researchers did find some cultural differences in the decisions people made. People in France were most likely to weigh up the number of people who would be killed, while those in Japan placed the least emphasis on this.

The researchers acknowledge that their online game was not a controlled study and that it "could not do justice to all of the complexity of autonomous vehicle dilemmas".

However, they hope the Moral Machine will spark a "global conversation" about the moral decisions self-driving vehicles will have to make.

"Never in the history of humanity have we allowed a machine to autonomously decide who should live and who should die, in a fraction of a second, without real-time supervision. We are going to cross that bridge any time now," the team said in its analysis.

"Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them."

Germany has already introduced a law that states driverless cars must avoid injury or death at all cost.

The law says algorithms must never decide what to do based on the age, gender or health of the passengers or pedestrians.