Cyber-bullying relatively rare, says study

Cyber-bullying is far less common than "traditional" face-to-face bullying, according to an academic survey of more than 120,000 English 15-year-olds.

While 30% reported regular bullying of some form, just 3% said it happened both on and offline.

Fewer than 1% said that the regular bullying they experienced was online-only.

Children's charity the NSPCC said it was receiving an increasing number of calls about cyber-bullying.

The study's authors, at the Oxford Internet Institute, wrote that their findings stood "in stark contrast to media reports and the popular perceptions that young people are now more likely to be victims of cyber-bullying than traditional forms".

The results have been published in medical journal The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health.

Respondents were also asked to complete a mental well-being questionnaire for the study.

It revealed that the lowest levels of well-being were reported among those 15-year-olds who had experienced both online and offline bullying (3%).

The survey was designed to enquire about bullying that 15-year-olds experienced regularly: once or twice in the past two months, or more often than that.

"It's not that they never experienced cyber-bullying," explained co-author Andrew Przybylski, pointing out that isolated cases would not be represented in the data.

"The main takeaway here is that it doesn't make sense to think of cyber-bullying as its own thing," he told the BBC.

"If you're a parent or you're running a school or designing an intervention, [on and offline bullying] are two sides of the same coin."

He said that his research suggested the best way for parents and teachers to combat the problem was to make sure children are comfortable with talking about any form of bullying they might experience.

But the rise of cyber-bullying has clearly been apparent to charities working with children.

"We have seen an 88% increase in counselling about online bullying over the past five years," the NSPCC said in its Childline bullying report 2015-16.

"We know that cyber-bullying can be particularly damaging because it doesn't stop at the school gates," said Claire Lilley, NSPCC head of Child Safety Online.

"Every year we receive more and more calls about cyber bullying.

"It's vital that children who are being bullied tell someone what's going on, either by talking to a trusted adult or by contacting Childline on 0800 11 11."