Early ocean plastic litter traced to 1960s
BBCOld-fashioned metal boxes that have been dragged around the ocean since 1931 have accidentally created a record of the history of ocean plastic.
The devices - known as continuous plankton recorders (CPRs) - first ensnared a plastic bag off the coast of Ireland in 1965.
This, researchers say, could be the first marine plastic litter found.
The CPR record also revealed how much more plastic has been found in the ocean in recent decades.
How did scientists 'accidentally' find plastic?
MBABy fishing for plankton for all those decades - a key species that indicates the productivity of the ocean and so of particular interest for monitoring the health of fisheries - the machines also produced a history of plastic litter.
Lead researcher Dr Clare Ostle, from Plymouth's Marine Biological Association, explained that the "fleet" of CPRs were designed and built to be towed behind ships. They capture samples of plankton from the water column - trapping them on a mesh inside.
But whenever something became entangled on the recorder and had to be removed, the crew responsible for the device would record what happened, in a log.
"We search through [those logs] and what we realised was that we had some really early, historic entanglement cases of plastics," Dr Ostle explained.
"We can build a time series from that - so we can actually see the increase in larger plastic entanglements."
What does that timeline of ocean plastic show?
One headline is that it shows what is believed to be the first recording of a plastic bag in the ocean - a bag that became ensnared on a CPR that was being towed off the coast of Ireland in 1965.
Other highlights from the study include:
- Plastic fishing line found in 1957
- Confirmation that there has been a significant and steady increase in ocean plastic since 1990
- More hopefully, the number of plastic bags found in the ocean has decreased in recent years, but it's unclear whether that's related to bans and charges being introduced around the world
What harm does plastic cause in the ocean?
Marine animals can become entangled in larger plastics - particularly cord, nets and ropes. A BBC documentary crew last year filmed dead seabirds on a remote island that had starved to death with their stomachs filled with plastic fragments.
Much smaller microplastics - often the product of larger items breaking down - have been found in fish, seafloor sediments and even in Antarctic ice. They remain more of an open question; scientists are investigating whether ingesting these tiny plastic fragments causes any harm.
The researchers involved in this study hope that the "wave of awareness" about ocean plastic will help reduce the amount of litter that finds its way into the sea in the first place.