Covid: Why are 12-15s now being double-jabbed?

Children aged 12 to 15 are to be offered a second dose of the Covid vaccine.

It's in response to concerns about the newly identified Omicron variant.

The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) - which advises the UK governments on vaccines - has said that 12 to 15-year-olds should be offered a second jab - to be given at least 12 weeks after the first.

It's one of of a number of measures the JCVI say should be carried out, in case the Omicron variant spreads more easily or is more severe than current types of Covid.

Children aged 16 and 17 are already being offered a second dose.

England and Scotland have already said they will act on the JCVI's advice, and it is likely to be accepted in Wales and Northern Ireland.

No. When vaccination for 12-15s was first rolled out, Prof Chris Whitty, chief medical officer for England, said it would be as an "offer".

He said young people and their parents needed to be supported, and there should be no stigma attached to their choice.

Healthy children aged 12 to 17 are advised to wait 12 weeks after testing positive for coronavirus before having their Covid jab.

A four-week gap applies to children who are deemed at higher risk because of underlying health conditions, or because they live with vulnerable adults.

Although parental consent is being sought, children under 16 who can prove they understand the risks and benefits can ask for the vaccine - or refuse it - if they disagree with their parents.

This important legal test of whether a child can consent to treatment is known as "Gillick competence". It is named after a famous dispute in which a teenager wanted contraceptive advice without her mother's consent.

In practice, it would be extremely unusual for a child under 13 to be judged Gillick-competent.

Teenagers aged 16 and 17 don't need parental permission, unless there are exceptional circumstances.

Under-18s are being given the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, although the Moderna vaccine has also been authorised for use in children in the UK.

There is no vaccine currently approved for under-12s in the UK.

The MHRA - which regulates medicines in the UK - said today that despite initial concerns about side-effects in under-18s, monitoring and a "thorough review" had found the jab to be safe, with "no new safety issues".

Earlier in the year, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) said that Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were linked to extremely rare cases of heart inflammation in young men. However, the EMA said that the benefits of vaccination still far outweighed the risks.

Almost all children and young people are at very low risk from Covid-19.

Data for England suggests about 25 children died from Covid in the first 12 months of the pandemic.

The majority of them also had severe health problems, including complex neurodisabilities.

Only six had no recorded health conditions.

In the year to 31 August 2021, Public Health England statistics suggest there were about 50 deaths among under-19s.

Many countries are vaccinating children over the age of 12.

Correction 21 September 2021: An earlier version of this article wrongly implied that the Gillick competence test was named after a case involving a mother and daughter and this line has been amended.